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SUCESORES DE ARTURO CARBONELL, S.L. CTRA. NACIONAL 301 KM 384
TEL.: 34
968 643 745 - 34 968 643 774 |
We can provide you:
Leaf of Oregano, sacks of 10 kg.
Groudn Oregano, sacks of 20 kg.
THE CULTIVATION OF THE OREGANO
Oregano (Origanum vulgare (L), ssp. vulgare. Origanum vulgare (L), ssp virens Hoffm. et Link (Fam. Labiadas).
1.- Generalities.
2.- Botanical characters.
3.- Climate and floor.
4.- Propagation.
5.- Cultivation.
5.1.- Plantation.
5.2.- Fertilization.
5.3.- Work cultural.
6.- Gathering.
7.- You plague and illnesses.
7.1.- Illnesses of origin fúngico and telluric.
7.2.- Illnesses of viral origin.
7.3.- Arthropods plague of the oregano.
8.- Applications and curiosities.
8.1.- Medicinal applications.
8.2.- Culinary applications.
8.3.- Curiosities.
8.4.- Active principles.
1.- Generalities.
It is a plant of Europe and of western Asia. In Italy it grows mainly in the hills and mountains and in Spain also. Its name that derives of the Greek, means, "splendor of the mountain."
It is about a strongly fragrant plant and of great flavor; in the warmest areas the aroma is of bigger intensity, the spiciest flavor and the most persistent perfume.
It is cultivated by their demand in the pharmaceutical sector, of the liquors and cosmetic, besides the alimentary, canning industry and semillera. Its practical use in kitchen is par excellence the one of perfuming of the plates. The herboristería also consumes thoroughly it, for its tonic, digestive, stomach properties and antiasmáticas.
2.- Botanical characters.
Origanum vulgare is a vivacious (that he/she lives more than two years) plant, of right shaft that reaches between 30 and 80 centimeters and it is not round but, surprisingly, square, ramified in the highest part, completely covered with white pelusilla. It possesses a cringing rhizome.
The leaves spring from two in two in each knot, faced, they are whole, oval, ended up in tip, they are also recovered of pelusilla by both faces and their longitude is of up to 4 centimeters. They possess petiole and they appear also covered of glands.
The flowers prepare in verticilastros that form espiguillas of up to 3 centimeters; the flowers are very small (the petals don't surpass the 2 or 3 millimeters of longitude), of rosy color violet, they ooze some drops of a yellowish aromatic liquid. They are protected by bracteolas of up to 5 millimeters, of oval contour and greenish or purple color. The chalices show up yellowish and the corollas are bilabiadas of white, reddish or purple color.
The whole plant removes a pleasant and particular aroma. Their flavor, for against, it is bitter. Among their synonyms of frequent use they highlight: díctamo crético, oriégano and bastard marjoram.
It flourishes in summer, of July to October, and their fruit is a tetraquenio with each part ovoidea and flat, it is dry and spherical.
O. virens Hoffm. et Link: it is a similar species to the previous one, but their brácteas they are double of long that the chalice and membranous, almost oval or rounded, glandular - dotted and of green pale color; the corolla is always white. It flourishes from June to July.
To the gender Origanum L. they belong other species: they are interesting in particular O. onites and O. majorana.
3.- Climate and floor.
The cultivation of the oregano is successful in all the rich land types in organic, loose matter, loamy silíceos, francs, humíferos, calcareous, loamy - sandy and even in arid places. The best results, so much qualitative as quantitative, they are obtained in the warm areas of the south.
The biggest yields in essential oil, so much quantitatively as qualitatively, they are obtained in very sunny areas and whose altitude is not excessive (typical ecosystems of the Mediterranean basin).
It grows spontaneously in the whole Euro-Asian continent, on condition that the climate is between temperate and subtropical, not too dry. It is easy to find it in stony hillsides and terrace, humid gutters and borders of roads, heaths and forests. It resists the freezes well, mainly the red oregano (the spp. vulgare) and both much more resistant ones that O. majorana.
He/she lives in the mountains, until the 3.000 meters on the sea level O. red (and it is even developed in the low areas of Himalaya), and from 100 to 2000 meters O. green.
The ssp. vulgare extends for the northern part of the area of the species, from England and Scandinavia and through Europe, to Asia and Taiwan. The spp. virens occupies the western end of the area of the species, from Canaries and Azores, Iberian Peninsula and northeast of África, until Balearic. In Spain, the first one prevails in the north and northeast and the second in the northwest, center and surdeste.
4.- Propagation.
Two fundamental methods exist: for seed and for macolla division. Adopting the first one one runs the risk of obtaining a heterogeneous population of individuals since it has not still been carried out scientifically a careful selection among the existent diverse species in natural state.
For seeds: the half weight of 1000 seeds is of 0,035 gr and its germinative power is of 90%, in 23 days and to a half temperature of 20ºC. Recent studies reveal that the oregano seeds possess some light absolute requirements for the germination. This requirements also go accompanied by a small range of good temperatures for biological (typical of the mediterranean climates without big oscillations of temperatures) this process. This range of temperatures oscillates among 15-20 ºC.
Semillado: in nursery, low chassis at the end of winter, outdoors in advanced spring. The one had pealed for two or three months after the siembra. The quantity of precise seed to obtain the plant for 1 hectare, is of 100 g that will be sowed in 100 square meters of nursery.
Division of feet: in autumn ago or at the beginning of spring. This method allows a more abundant vegetation from the first year. Although the macolla division is an unthinkable practice for the industrial cultivation, it is significant for the certain advantage of giving place to descending identical to the plant of the one that the propagation material has been extracted.
It has also been developed for some aromatic species, among them the oregano, the multiplication for cultivations in vitro. In the case of the oregano this multiplication had tripped up to now with a problem of malformation fisilógica (vitrificación or hiperhidratación) that he/she appeared in the stages of regeneration of the plants clónicas starting from the cultivations of fabrics. In the last times one has come developing techniques to be about solving this physiologic malformation. He/she has been this way an association among plant - bacteria (Origanum vulgare - Pseudomonas spp) that allows a satisfactory regeneration starting from the cultivations of fabrics. This association grants to the fabrics of the obtained clones, changes in its morphology and physiology (as content of water, of chlorophyll, or total fenoles). These changes are not observed in the clones obtained without this association with the bacteria. The use of this interaction among oregano - Pseudomonas spp offers an excellent potential to prevent the vitrificación and it increases the efficiency in the propagation in vitro of fabrics. This resistance to the vitrificación shows up in the association oregano-Pseudomonas when the clones previously possess some certain contents in metabolitos fenólicos. This way lines clónicas have been selected with a certain level of metabolitos fenólicos and resistance to the vitrificación, that which will allow in a future to use to these clones like source of fenoles extraction with an uniform concentration for their later use as anti-rust and antimicrobial in the systems of production of foods.
5.- Cultivation.
5.1.- Plantation.
It grows easily in lands something humid. It is composed of variable plantation marks according to the areas and floors, varying of about 30 centimeters between lines (without exceeding the 75 centimeters) and 20-35 centimeters among plants inside the array. The good density of plantation is of about 40.000 feet / hectare. It is necessary to be careful with the weeding hoes for not harming to the roots.
5.2.- Fertilization.
It should be considered, for the establishment of the plan of bottom payment, the duration of the cultivation. This can vary a 8 year-old minimum to a 10 year-old maximum. Therefore manure is contributed to reason of 3-4 tm / hectare that you/they will be buried in the moment of the main (aradura) laboreo.
Also, every year he/she will make sure a contribution of the three fundamental elements. To stimulate the vegetation and therefore the production of biomass, they seek advice values of 120-150 nitrogen units, balanced with contributions of 80-100 match units and of 100-120 units of potassium. The nitrogen should be given in the critical phases, that is to say, in the vegetative recovery and after the harvests. In particular, after the last gathering, the plant should recover the lost energies to overcome well the winter and it is in fact it leaves him of what the production of the following year depends of how. In other terms, the payment should spread to obtain the maximum, but also to prolong the most possible thing the duration of the plantation.
5.3.- Work cultural.
The lifespan of the cultivation is of 8-10 years, for what the floor has tendency to compactarse, what we will avoid by means of the binas and necessary weeding hoes. The weeding hoes should be made every year in the enough number to maintain controlled the weeds and, at the same time, to ventilate the land (the oregano suffers much of asphyxia radicular in the cases of stagnation hídrico).
When being about a multi-year species, it has been considered the problem of the chemical deshierbe and it is made in some countries. The selective usually used herbicides are two: Lenacilo (active matter of Venzar) in dose of 1 kg / there is of commercial product the first year, in the moment of the plantation. The second is Terbacilo (active matter of Simbar) it controls bigger number of weeds, it will be used before the start of the vegetation, starting from the second year, in dose of 1 kg / there is of commercial product.
The demands hídricas of the cultivation are stronger in the phase of germination of the seeds and of I root of the plants after the transplant, but they also allow to feel after the first harvest.
6.- Gathering.
Of the oregano the leaves and the flowers are harvested, for what the florid tops are gathered, this is, the ends of the branches that contain flowers and leaves. The ideal time for the gathering is in full floración (in general, during the summer), not before. It is worth more to wait to that some flowers are withered and not to throw when they begin to flourish the first ones, because the production of essence for the flowers is increased once these they have already been developed totally.
The first year of vegetation is only possible a short one; starting from the second year two annual gatherings can be made, in July and in October. They will be gathered in the moment of the floración, before they open all the flowers. The harvest, made in a mechanical way by means of guadañadora or guadañadora - atadora. The yield, expressed in green product, oscillates among the 3 tm / there is of fresh page in the year of plantation, and of 15 tm / there is and even more, starting from the second year, to succeed in lower values then coming closer the eighth and the ninth year of gathering.
In the drying of the product you took hold to a descent from the green to the dry of 4:1 (he/she decreases 75%). The quantity of alone obtained leaves of 100 kg of fresh plant is approximately of 15 kg. The product can also be dedicated to the extraction of the essence. The yields are very variable according to the cultivation area. Orientativamente oscillates around 2 kg of essential oil for metric ton, that is to say a half yield for there is of 30 kg of essential oil. The leaves should dry up to the shade, because the sun would destroy the essential oil; then they must stay tightly in closed recipients, in fresh and dry places. The drying is not as delicate as that of the mayorana but it should be made with the possible biggest speed and to a temperature of 30ºC and the shade.
7.- You plague and illnesses.
7.1. Illnesses of origin fúngico and telluric.
One of the most important illnesses in the oregano is due to Colletotrichum causing spp of necrosis foliares that depreciate the quality of the production in green. The symptoms that are observed first are some brown small stains on the leaves and the shafts. When extending progressively for the sheet to foliate, the areas necróticas coalescentes produce the total fading of the leaves that you/they fall finally. The stains caulinares also increase their surface covering the knots and entrenudos of the affected shafts that they finish drying off. In none of the sick organs fructifications of the mushroom are observed. Two have been the species of isolated Colletotrichum of the oregano: Colletotrichum dematium and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, both were isolated and cultivated in PDA (Potato-Dextrosa-Agar) giving two types different from colonies.
Of equal he/she is formed it has described a mushroom belonging to the family of Pythiaceas, Phythophthora cryptogea, equally present on rosemary, thyme and sage that it provokes some necroses at level of the neck and of the roots. The fading of the foot of the affected plants is characterized by the presence of dry branches and of leaves with yellow, brown and black stains. The mushroom is present mainly from spring in the humid and compact floors, prone to the encharcamientos.
He/she has also been able to observe on oregano cultivations an oidio caused by Erysiphe galeopsidis which provokes some white stains on the shafts and the leaves of the sick plants.
Other causing agents of illnesses of origin fúngico in the oregano are Botrytis cinerea and a roya, Puccinia rubsaameni. Both parasitan to the oregano and they cause him/her rottenness.
In the section of the nemátodos only the goods that the bibliography points out as patógenos in the oregano to highlight like they are Meloidogyne spp and Nacobbus aberrans. However, and although the bibliography points out to the gender Meloidogyne like patógeno in the oregano, recent experiments confirm that O. vulgare is resistant to the species incognito Meloidogyne. Other tests, also, show as O. vulgare is also resistant to M. arenaria (race 1), M. incognito (races 1 and 3) and M. javanica.
7.2. Illnesses of viral (7) origin.
On oregano cultivations it has been detected and isolated the causing virus of the mosaic of the medic (AMV) and that of the cucumber (CMV). These virus is transmitted by vectors as they are the plant lice. The symptoms observed on the oregano have been yellow and whitish stains on the leaves, a deformation and a fading of those, slowing and later stopping the growth of the plant.
7.3. Arthropods plague of the oregano (7).
In advance dry an acarus, Tetranychus urticae, it can attack to the green organs of the plant. The suction of the cellular contents on the part of the acarus provokes the drying of the same ones inducing an aspect like spotted to the superior face of the leaves. The yellow spider knits on the vegetables a fine cloth which gives origin to her name, the tetranychus weaver.
A bedbug, Eupteryx decemnotata, it has been pointed out equally as causing of damages in the air parts of oregano cultivations.
8. Applications and curiosities.
8.1. Medicinal applications.
In general, it is a tonic and digestive plant. Against the pain an effective solution exists, mainly for back pains and of the neck (torticollis). It consists on applying a bundle of florid fresh (recently caught) tops and heated lightly. He/she wraps up also with a cloth hot, and he/she stays better (to repeat as many times as be necessary) while the more. As digestive, he/she takes in infusion (of leaves and dry flowers) a cup after the foods. For the cough, the asthma or breathing affections, it is preferable in decoction: it is boiled during a hour room a liter of water with 50 grams of flowers and leaves, and they take three cups a day, hot.
It is emenágoga, disinfectant, béquica, expectorating and carminativa. The infusion (20-30 grams / liter, allowing it to rest 10 minutes), taking 2-3 cups a day, it is used to alleviate the cough and the asthma. In painful rules it is used as sedative and regulator. Antiseptic in the breathing roads. The pains and rheumatisms are alleviated with chafings with oregano oil and cataplasms of the plant. In external use in infusion form is healing of wounded, wounds, etc.
In pharmacy it is used to prepare liniments antirreumáticos, ointments for the dermatitis and as disinfectant and healing. It is also used in perfumery, jabonería and cosmetic.
8.2.- Culinary applications.
In the kitchen it is one of the good known and used plants of Spain. With her it is marinated, frequently, the meat to prepare sausages. It is also very used in Italy, where it doesn't lack in a good pizza or in the osso bucco. The Mexicans also use it in the chili with meat. Employee in roasted of eggplants and marrows. Some culinary examples are detailed next:
I marinate for sausage: It is used an oregano mixture, paprika and salt. Mashed garlics and other ingredients are sometimes added. He/she mixes well all in a trough and it is left to the bleakness, in a somber place.
Salad of potatoes with oregano: (ingredients for four people: 750 g of cooked potatoes, 100 g of fresh mushroom, 1 spoonful of dry and crumbled oregano, 1 tiny piece of dill, 1 tiny piece of nut moscada, 1 small chopped onion, 4 medium tomatoes, 50 g of grated cheese, 1 spoonful of butter and salt). Preparation: we cut in slices or in cube form the cooked potatoes. We chop the very fine mushroom. The potatoes and the mushroom are placed in a source for salads and it is spread and it mixes the oregano, the dill and the nut moscada. We add the mashed garlic and the chopped onion, he/she mixes well all and it is proven. We season with the necessary salt. We put the mixture in a spit source, anointed with butter. We add, for above, a spoonful of butter and the grated cheese. On the cheese the tomatoes are placed, cut in slices, and on them something of oregano. We put the source in the oven and it is left 30 minutes to 130º C.
Salad of spinaches: (Ingredients for four people: 750 g of tender spinaches, 3 eggs, salt, oil olive extravirgen, oregano). Preparation: The spinaches lose with the cooking most of the vitamins and mineral salts that are in the cooking water. To eat them hang-overs can be unusual, but accompanied by a good sauce they are rich. They clean well the spinaches, they intersect like for a salad and they put on in the salad bowl. The eggs (they should be well made) are boiled, they peel and they intersect finely until reducing them to a pap. A sauce is made with the oil, the oregano and the salt, and the spinaches some minutes they are seasoned before serving them.
8.3. Curiosities.
The name comes from the Greek gold (mountain) and ganos (ornament), the decoration, the beauty of the mountains. In the language of the flowers the red oregano means "blushes." It is said that the oregano has so capital hate to the cabbage that if it is planted then near her he/she dries off. A Greek legend says that Aphrodite, goddess of the love, was the first one in cultivating oregano and she gave to this plant the fragrance that at the moment possesses.
8.4. Active principles.
The active principles of the oregano are in the essence, that yellow liquid that one can observe, with good view, inside the flowers and that it is also located in the leaves. It is composed mainly of essential oils, resin and some tannin; this last one is also plentiful in the shafts (of there their bitter flavor).
The plant contains sour fenólicos, cafeico, clorogénico, rosmarínico; flavonoides: derived of the apigenol, of the luteolol, of the diosmetol; sour ursólico; substances tánicas and mineral elements.
The essential oil, of variable composition according to the subspecieses and according to the area where it is cultivated (3,24), it is constituted fundamentally by carvacrol and timol, fenoles that can reach until 90% of the total; it also contains pinemo, sexquiterpenos, cimeno, etc.
At the present time a great demand of the mineral and essential compounds of the oregano exists due to its anti-rust well-known properties, associated to the carvacrol and the timol, fungicides and germicides besides citotóxicas. Their great citotoxicidad level has been demonstrated for animal cells including two types of derived cells of human cancers, that which increases if it fits the importance of its qualities in the investigation it has more than enough human illnesses.
The essential oils of the oregano, extracted by means of hidrodestilación, they have also demonstrated their toxicity for inhalation Acanthoscelides obtectus it has more than enough Say, Bruchidae, Coleopterae, a plague of Phaseolus vulgaris L. These tests open a door to the possible use of these essential oils in formulations for the control of this plague.
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SUCESORES DE ARTURO CARBONELL, S.L. CTRA. NACIONAL 301,- KM 384 P.O. BOX, 4 Telephones: 34 968 643 745 / 34 968 643 774 Fax: 34 968 643774 30500 MOLINA DE SEGURA (MURCIA - SPAIN)
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